Macroeconomics free essay sample

The current global recession has been caused to a large degree by debt-fuelled growth in the housing market, often due to irresponsible lending practices, coupled with unregulated trading of mortgages on the bonds and derivatives markets. One of the key factors that allowed for the property bubble to expand so rapidly was the ubiquitous nature of ‘subprime’ mortgages. These were essentially loans, which generally required no deposit, that were extended regularly to people without the requisite income to pay off the debt. In an effort to fight off a recession arguably as bad the Great Depression, governments worldwide have attempted to combat growing unemployment and shrinking economies by way of massive stimulus packages. This essay will analyse the aforementioned issues surrounding the causes and severity of the current recession, governmental responses to the economic crisis, and how these responses differ from the Great Depression, in the context of relevant macroeconomic theory in order to reach an informed conclusion regarding the effectiveness of contemporary government intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The subprime mortgage is widely agreed to have been the catalyst for the recession as a whole. There were, however, a number of other causes that contributed to the problem. Firstly, in the case of the USA, the Federal Reserve was slow to raise the interest rates after the US economy recovered from the 2000/01 recession. As the interest rate continued to remain low, the interest rate effect on aggregate demand encouraged greater spending on investment goods. In the case of many Americans, investment goods equated to housing and thus many took out mortgages to purchase houses purely on the basis that they could resell them for a profit. This was made possible in large part due to the prevalence of subprime loans and interest-only loans. A sub-prime mortgage is a mortgage that is given to a borrower whose credit rating would not ordinarily qualify them for a conventional mortgage; hence they inherently have a higher risk. Interest-only loans, of which a large percentage were also subprime, are structured in such a way that the borrower is initially only paying back the interest on the mortgage of a house at a lower interest rate for a period usually between 1 to 5 years. Whilst many consumers took out these types of loans with the idea of reselling the house for a profit before the interest rate rose, this concept only worked if house prices continued to rise. Inevitably, when interest rates settled at a higher equilibrium due to the high demand (Mankiw, 2002), many people with interest-free loans were stuck with houses they couldn’t sell and interest rates that they weren’t able to afford, leaving the bank with a house that would have to be sold at a loss. These high-risk loans becomes tools of financial engineering as banks bundled good and bad loans into derivatives which were in turn often bundled into CDO’s (collaterised debt obligations) whose worth was tied to the value of the mortgages. When these mortgages began to default rapidly, many investment funds began to panic and began selling these CDOs as quickly as possible, causing a shift of the aggregate demand curve to the left due to the pessimism in the market and removing trillions of dollars of value from many of the major funds. As Investment (I) constitutes a portion of GDP, this massive loss caused a substantial decline in GDP, and because GDP is inversely linked to income this led to much higher than usual levels of unemployment. (Garrison, 2000) This is due to a large drop in aggregate demand, which caused companies to lay off workers in an effort to reduce costs and remain in business. The fallout from the CDOs was global, many of the investment funds that had purchased these bonds represented international or foreign investors and as such the impact was both severe and worldwide. Key economic indicators all indicate that the effects of the recession have been harsh: World industrial production is down 10%; World stock markets down 30%; and the Volume of world trade down 20%. Governmental response to the economic crisis so far has been based primarily on large stimulus packages designed to reduce unemployment and revive the economy. Obama’s stimulus plan, the â€Å"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009†, alone has spent $787 billion (USD), on top of the $152bn spent on the 2008 stimulus bill. This policy is supported to a certain extent by the concept of the multiplier effect. This theory states that government purchases have a ‘multiplier effect’ on aggregate demand, so that each dollar of public spending will generally raise the aggregate demand by more than one dollar, with the formula equating to m = 1/(1 – MPC). (coursebook ref) A number of factors, however, combined to dampen the impact of this government spending. Pessimism about the economic climate, along with the perception that the rebate was a one-off measure, caused some individuals to change their spending habits, leading to a number of people using the lump sum tax rebates of the 2008 stimulus package to either pay off debt or save the money. This effect, in fact, was not as widespread as many economists predicted, household spending actually rose on average by 3. 5%, causing some studies to label the plan as a success (Broda Parker, 2008). The 2009 plan suffered to an extent from the crowding out effect, caused by higher interest rates due to elevated levels of government spending. An application of the laws of supply and demand reveals that an increase in the price of a loan, i. e. the interest, leads to a decrease in the amount of credit demanded.

Overview of Dubnium Facts and Physical Properties

Overview of Dubnium Facts and Physical Properties Dubnium is a radioactive synthetic element. Here are interesting facts about this element and a summary of its chemical and physical properties. Interesting Dubnium Facts Dubnium is named for the town in Russia where it was first made, Dubna. It may only be produced in a nuclear facility. Dubnium does not exist naturally on Earth.The element dubnium was the subject of a naming controversy. The Russian discovery team (1969) proposed the name  nielsbohrium  (Ns) in honor of the Danish nuclear physicist Niels Bohr. In 1970, an American team made the element by bombarding californium-239 with nitrogen-15 atoms. They proposed the name hahnium (Ha), to honor the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Otto Hahn. The IUPAC determined the two labs should share credit for the discovery because their results supported each others validity, using different methods to create the element. The IUPAC assigned the name  unnilpentium for element 105 until a naming decision could be reached. It wasnt until 1997 it was decided the element should be named Dubnium (Db) for the Dubna research facility the location where the element was initially synthesized.Dubnium is a super-h eavy or transactinide element. If a sufficient amount were ever produced, its chemical properties are expected to be similar to that of the transition metals. It would be most similar to the element tantalum. Dubnium was first made by bombarding americium-243 with neon-22 atoms.All isotopes of dubnium are radioactive. The most stable one has a half-life of  28 hours.Only a few atoms of dubnium have ever been produced. At present, little is known about its properties and it has no practical uses. Dubnium or Db Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: Dubnium Atomic Number: 105 Symbol: Db Atomic Weight: (262) Discovery: A. Ghiorso, et al, L Berkeley Lab, USA - G.N. Flerov, Dubna Lab, Russia 1967 Discovery Date: 1967 (USSR); 1970 (United States) Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 Element Classification: Transition Metal Crystal Structure: body-centered cubic Name Origin: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna Appearance: Radioactive, synthetic metal References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)

The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 is misleadingly named. It only Essay

The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 is misleadingly named. It only deals with a tiny subset of terms, and does nothing to make sure that contracts are fair - Essay Example Every member in the contract is expected to play his or her relevant obligation in ensuring that the contractual terms and conditions are not breached. The contracts also define the consequences associated with breaching of the terms and conditions that sustains the contract. This act is always deployed in conjunction with the unfair terms in consumer contacts regulation (UTCCR) 1999, the Sales Goods Act 1979 and the supply of goods and services Act 1982. The three enactments are inseparable .However; the enactment has manifested a lot of weaknesses that makes it unfair to the individual members of the contract. This includes the following. Negligence, which is one of the factors in the enactment, has given freedom the insurance companies to deny the liability in case of a tragedy subscribed for in the insurance contract (Eaglestone,2004). Insurance companies are expected to compensate individual or company in case ofan accident. Always individuals subscribe to the service periodically in order to be protected during the times of crisis. Inmost cases these companies take an excuse of reckless nesses to evade the liability. This is common in vehicles indulged in accidents. It is unfair todeny responsibility in which somebody is paying for. Under such a situation, the client is fixed falsely for falling into tragedy. The act does not give consumers the right to take part in solving problems arising from their contracts (Kidner,2005). The business is the only party mandated to provide the solutions based on its own interest. For instances, in case a customer defaults to clear the loans, the institution itself is the only party that sets the penalties without involving the customers in such decisions. Also, the kind of penalties sometimes imposed on the consumers are very heavy to be cleared easily. In most cases the states force people, especially the government workers to join such contracts. In facts several nations have made it one of the

Transition from Middle to High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transition from Middle to High School - Essay Example In support of evidence-based practices, various Web-based collections of "best practices'" are now available, but not all programs included in such databases have been rigorously tested. Three databases that included programs broad enough to be useful in a school setting were selected. Criteria to screen and then assess available studies were used according to the process set out by the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre {EPPI-Centre) for non quantitative review's-search, screen, describe, map and refine and appraise and synthesize'. The author has also provided a clear paragraph on the method used for screening and the criteria used for exclusion and inclusion as well. The research findings of the article have highlighted that after 246 programs were located and the initial screening criteria were met, almost 242 were excluded based on the criteria. The four which were left out are as follows: '( I ) School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP); (2) Skills, Opportunity, and recognition (SOAR), formerly Seattle Social Development Project; (3) Positive Action through Holistic Education (Project PATHE), and (4) Fast Track. The results of applying the inclusion criteria are presented in Table I'. A detailed analysis of each of the four has also been provided in the article. The author has provided a very clear and concise discussi

Blood wedding (after seeing the play) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blood wedding (after seeing the play) - Essay Example desires, the moon’s movements, in contrast is rather limited and passive, and it makes the bride seem to represent the woman who finally refuses to be oppressed by a traditional marriage, while the moon seems to represent a woman who is stuck in the usual suppressed life dictated by the traditional norms of a typical wife.This essay will attempt to elaborate upon this contrast in these two characters and how these were exemplified through the spatial dynamics. First, from the contrast in the extent of movement around the stage, the bride seems to represent a free woman who pursues what she wants, while the moon is still a suppressed woman. The bride’s movement around the stage seems to be free, fast and strong. Specifically, her distance from the bridegroom and Leonardo are contrasted intentionally. In the beginning of the play, the bride tries to accept her fate marrying the bridegroom and tries to be away from Leonardo. However, as the play proceeds, the bride desires to follow her heart start dominating and she chooses Leonardo. The state of the bride’s mind was strongly reflected in the differet distances she maintains from the two men in her life. Whenever she tries to keep away from either of the men, she quickly runs away as the man approaches and even aggressively shakes off their physical contact and keeps distance at times. For instance, in the beginning of the wedding the bride tries to control her true desire and thus maintains a significant distance from Leonardo but although her true feelins are revealed in the glances she throws at him as well as often spaced out thinking of him throughout wedding. Eventually, by the end of her wedding reception, she chooses to follow her heart and runs away with Leonardo. In contrast to the Brides dynamism, the moon, which appears in the woods scene has very static and limited body movement and further, uses only so much of the stage-space. The fact that the role of the Moon is played by the same actor who

E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy Essay

E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy Essay E-Government model through ICT of public service delivery was started in South Africa first time, for the preferred as channel for citizen-centered service delivery. It means to provide quality services to the citizens of its country. In this paper we will study the role of E-government within developing country in the South Africa with the help of case study. First of all we will consider what is E-government? E-Government E-Government (short for electronic government, also known as digital government, online government or transformational government) is a diffused neologism used to refer to the use of information and communication technology to provide and improve government services, transactions and interactions with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. Delivery models and activities of e-Government The primary delivery models of e-Government can be divided into: Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C) Government-to-Business (G2B) Government-to-Government (G2G) Government-to-Employees (G2E) Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place: Pushing information over the Internet, e.g. regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc. Two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or another government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments, or requests to the agency. Conducting transactions, e.g. lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants. These types of activities may be performed but not may be that all activities are performed by all the countries. Some have greater but some have less Primarily purpose of introducing this model is to direct access to the Government. So improve the efficiency of public services delivery in South Africa. This model is based on case study research, focused on one of the governments primary service delivery programmes social grants, as mentioned in case study. South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) was established as an extension of government delivery arm that administers the delivery of social grants to the poorest of the poor in South Africa. SASSAs Vision and mission is aligned with several Batho Pele principles. Batho Pele which literally means people first. Introduction of this Model Batho Pele Public Service Delivery in South Africa. Batho Pele is South Africas constitutionally mandated public service delivery philosophy. This model ensures that all the citizens can hold public servants accountable for the levels of service receive from government. The expected transformation in service delivery is better comprehended on the reflection that South Africa has only been a Democratic country since 1994. Here we look into background of this model. The path of service delivery transformation formally began in 1995 with the release of the White Paper on the Transformation of Public Service. The WPTPS established the institutional framework that could guide the introduction of new policies and the implementation of the new constitutional mandates. It was shortly followed in 1997 by the White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery, labeled as the Batho Pele White Paper. The Batho Pele White Paper specifically aimed at promoting integrated and seamless public service delivery. This was on the basis of the Batho Pele philosophy. Batho Pele advocates nine principles to guide public Servants; Consultation with citizens Setting service standards Increasing access to information Ensuring courtesy Providing information openness and Transparency redress and value for money. On the other hand South Africa, through its Center of Public Service Innovation (CPSI), places significant Importance to initiatives to transform governments way of working through ICT a notion commonly known as E-government / e-governance. E-Government E-Governance The terms e-government and e-governance are often used to describe a governments use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to render services to its citizens. There is a debate in research community about these two terms of E-government and E-governance. E-governance can be defined as the use of emerging information and communication technologies to facilitate the processes of government and public administration E-government can be defined as the use of Information technology to support government operations, engage citizens, and provide government services. In the definition of e-governance, we see that it focuses on the use of ICT to assist the administration and management of Government. On other hand in the definition of e-government we see that it focuses on the use of ICT to provide the services in the support of government operations for the public service delivery of people of that country. The dominant models for e-government find their roots in public management models and e-business models. While researchers of e government differ on the rights, privileges and obligations of clients, customers and Citizens. They generally concur that e-government move through stages to reach maturity. Notwithstanding, the successful initiatives are hard to come by. This realization led to the very important and underlying concern: are government ICT technological innovations adhering to the principles of people first, so to say, are the government ICT technological innovations enabling the improvement of service delivery in South Africa? This case study also tells us about the understanding by focusing on the government agency responsibilities for one of the key service delivery programs the South African Social Security Agency, SASSA. A case study of a government department, the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA), was adopted investigate the phenomenon of e-government will be studied in the context of Batho Pele. Since the each government service is measured against the same principles that are defined in Batho Pele. Applicability of this model can be drawn to other government units. In this case study the data was collected by different ways, through structured face-to-face and telephonic interviews with people involved in delivering an ICT system to the business units of the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA). Pros/Advantages/Merits of this Model Any thing is not perfect in this universe except God. So every model is having both characteristics of merits and demerits. Similarly here we are using the E-government model which was used in South Africa for public service delivery. We know that it is very poor country and not so developed. So many South Africans do not have direct approach to public services which are supplied by the Government as stated in the case study. Following may be the major advantages of this model. Equally distribution of services Batho Pele aims to distribute the services equally among the public. Not any differentiation on the basis of race, gender, citizen, distance etc. its mean that every one has right equally of public services . Access to information This model also explains that the citizen has easily access to the information about the Government performance and other activities so there may be accountability in such a manner. Quality services Access to information services empowers citizens and creates value for money, quality services. Reduction of Unnecessary expenditure. When there will be e-government so easily information available about every thing of government and government institution. It reduces unnecessary expenditure for the citizens. Questions that can generally be answered during the interview can revolve around what ICT initiatives are being used to increase the accessibility of the service or product and how accessible these initiatives are to communities who dont have the required ICT infrastructure. Providing information Availability of information with regards to products and services should Not only be at the service point, but should also strive to increase the availability of products and services to the public who are far away from those service points The main area of focus would be to increase the Availability of information to the public who are far away From service points. ICT is used as a business support tool, and since the business of government is to deliver a public Service, ICT supports public service. The implementers of these ICT services will thus be measured against the benchmarks of how well the public service was delivered. Thus we should have to carefully analyze the support of use of ICT within the government department or agency. This sensitivity would greatly influence the interpretation of the text collected during the interviews. Cost effective It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the public benefits by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to spend time, energy and money to get it. E-government helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of public services, and Transparency We see that due to use of this model transparency occurred. Due to the whole connected system through internet technology, every information is available for all. Accountability Study approved that due to E-government, there is greater accountability on each and every thing because all the information is available to every one. So public knows the activities of government. So there is a accountability on government by public and other institutions and citizens. Democratization Through e-government the greater citizen can participation upon political issues. They can connect themselves to politicians through internet. This model gives the more transparent government, allowing the voters to see the effect of their representatives. What they are doing and what they are not doing in right manner. Public can become more aware about the government activities and they can make best decision about their future. Speed, efficiency, and convenience E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time and any location, and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to government agents sitting behind desks and windows. Improved accounting and record keeping can be noted through computerization, and information and forms can be easily accessed, equaling quicker processing time. Individuals with disabilities or conditions no longer have to be mobile to be active in government and can be in the comfort of their own homes. This model was accepted warmly, the young people who were not participating in political issues before but now they are too participating is national level issues due to e-government. Risks There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government, including disintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on economic, social, and political factors, vulnerability to cyber attacks, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas. Hyper-surveillance Increased contact between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government begins to develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be forced to interact electronically with the government on a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as their government obtains more and more information on them. In a worse case scenario, with so much information being passed electronically between government and civilians, a totalitarian-like system could develop. When the government has easy access to countless information on its citizens, personal privacy is lost. Cost Although a prodigious amount of money has been spent on the development and implementation of e-government, some say it has yielded only a mediocre product. The outcomes and effects of trial Internet-based governments are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory. Lack of secrecy Although internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of reliable privacy policies, studies have shown that people value prosecution of offenders over personal confidentiality. Ninety percent of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and fifty-seven percent are willing to forgo some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or terrorists. Inaccessibility An e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poverty line incomes, suffer from chronic illness, and are single parents or older adults. False sense of transparency and accountability Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye (i.e. the Internet) with or without public notice. For example, after the World Trade Center in New York City was attacked on September 11, 2001, United States federal officials removed a large amount of government information from its websites in the name of national security. This act went relatively unnoticed by United States citizens. To this day, very few Conclusion In conclusion we see that this E-Government model of public service delivery is very important, adopted by government of South Africa. This model has advantages as well as disadvantages. This model has advantages of equally information provision, quality services, efficiency in public services delivery etc. but it has also some drawbacks such lack of secrecy, and so many other factors which may harmful for government through this system. The use of e-government as a service delivery enabler will definitely support governments service improvement philosophy of Batho Pele, thus putting people first. Now a days technology has become the every thing very easier, more informative, efficiency and cost effective. Through this model of ICT can put people first, but only if the use of ICT is supported by the underlying business processes. For e government to be effective, all e-government initiatives in South Africa should be integrated. E-government will only truly be effective if it is managed from a single portfolio in government, and not from silos within each government department. Many other countries have adopted this model such as United States. But level of applying this model may vary. It means some are applying higher level and some countries are applying less level of E-Government. In United States E-government model was used The United States Government under the Bush Administration has created a separate portfolio that manages the implementation of e-government. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is developing what it calls the Federal Enterprise Architecture that will manage the way in which the United States Government does business and particularly through the use of e-government (US Office of Management and Budget, 2007) slow progress in implementing a single portal for Government services. It is clear from the case study that South Africa needs a portfolio within its government that drives the implementation of e-government. This will include policy, legislation and implementation standards. This is where the Office of the Government Chief Information Officer (OGCIO) also plays a role to smooth the progress of the use of ICT in Government. Components It consists of three components, namely: ICT Programme Management Government Chief Operations Officer and E-Government Architecture and Integration. The case study was focused on only one area of e-government within the public service of South Africa, namely the Department of Social Development and its service delivery component, the South African Social Security Agency. Similarly there is need to done this in the other departments of Government of public service delivery. Which are inefficient as compared to others? And ensure that the use of ICT is effective at all government departments. It is proposed that there is need to be studied at departments that come under the lack of service delivery similar studies should be done with Other departments to ensure that the use of ICT is effective at all government departments, such as the Department of Home Affairs (ID book and passport applications) Department of Transport (license applications and vehicle registrations) South African Revenue services (tax returns) References:- E-Government Public Service Delivery: Enabling ICT to put People First A Case Study from South Africa. By Wikus VISSER and Hossana TWINOMURINZI

Shattered Essay -- Poetry

The mirror is cracked but not shattered. Fragments of glass reflect pieces of her. Lily-white skin. Primped, hanging curls the color of corn. A button nose. Cherry ribbon lips. Opaque forget-me-not blue eyes. The dark pupils dilate and swivel, dilate and swivel, but her eyes are sightless. She sees, but she does not. The mirror is cracked but not shattered. She sees her face separately in each shard of glass. Some small, some large. A multitude of reflections, each one a clone of the other, each one a doppelganger, a twin. Never alone. Each reflection with an identical companion. Symmetry is beautiful. She aches. The mirror is cracked but not shattered. Her fingers graze the mirror. The pads of her fingertips tingle at the touch of each crack’s raised edge. A mirror; a symbol of frailty and a symbol of immense power. Reflective ice. What lurks beneath the translucent, razor-thin surface of a mirror? Her fingers reach for the reflections before her. The mirror is cracked but not shattered. The curtains unveiled her. Pretty as a doll. Silent as a mannequin. Lifeless as a marionette with no one pulling her strings. Beneath the spotlight’s glare, a reflection clearer than in a cracked-but-not-shattered mirror. The lipstick glued to her lips, the blush caked on her face, the bright red circles painted upon her cheeks. A freakish sight fit for the gypsies’ circus. Silence. Or laughter. Silent laughter. The fat tears roll down, leaving clean tracks in the thick makeup. The mirror is cracked but not shattered. Prone to melancholy, she muses. To be cracked like the mirror but not shattered. All the pieces together, but not completely complete. Complete completeness terrified her. Her own eyes see clearly, t... ... So much frightens her. Irresistible completeness strikes both awe and terror in her. Her tiny hands ball into fists, the fingers like claws, like stilettos. Her porcelain whets into a blade. An inexorable desire rising, groaning like a glutton within her disgustingly perfect shell. The mirror is cracked but not shattered. With her white flawless claw, she smashes the cracked mirror. It shrieks one final time as its fragile fragments shatter and cascade to the barren floor. Fluorescent lights glare callously at her triumph below. A moment’s pause, as the silence embraces the passing of the mirror’s long life. The deadened air suckles eagerly from the mirror’s relinquished memory of reflections. Beneath her lie the pieces, abandoned and unwanted like broken teeth, no longer part of an incompletely complete work of wonderment. The mirror is shattered.

Disaster of Bangladesh

This article is about the distressing incident which took place in Bangladesh where 228 people died in the fall down of eight storey’s Rana Plaza. Rana Plaza had shops, offices and factories crowded with many people. But due to its substandard construction building got collapsed and fell down killing many people. While many of them got trapped and seriously wounded and the Bangladeshi government confirmed a day of national grief.Rana Plaza contained four garment factories which were supplying economical garments to global retailers like Primark and Bonmarchà © with their western customer base. Even it was announced that the building is no safer for work and needs to be evacuated on immediate basis but New Wave workers were forced to work in order to fulfill the orders of Primark and Bonmarchà ©. Initially both British companies accepted that New Wave was among their suppliers and committed to offer the possible support but later on refused to take any kind of responsibility in this regard.In the opinion of retail consultants and other professionals both of the companies are responsible to inspect and monitor the minimum working standards and overall conditions in which their designs and products are being produced as they are earning revenues by selling the same products. The cheap labour and workers who are working in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka etc have the similar rights as of western workers and they should be equally acknowledged for their profession and work.Most of the big retailers like Primark, Bonmarchà © are outsourcing their products from under developed countries and their customers are getting benefits too of buying low priced items. The Government of Bangladesh and all under developed countries have to implement strict standards for construction of factories, industrial and commercial buildings in order to avoid such disasters. On the other hand the Governments of big retailers have to impose certain statutory regulations whic h will protect their manufacturers/suppliers in countries like Bangladesh.Lastly consumers have to play their role by using the purchasing power to force big retailers to follow a book of rule. I would like to add similar incidents which happened in the factories, commercial and residential buildings of Pakistan. Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore caught fire on 11 September 2012. The fires occurred in a textile factory in the western part of Karachi and in a shoemaking factory in Lahore.The fires are considered to be the most deadly and worst industrial factory fires in Pakistan's history, killing 257 people and seriously injuring more than 600. The garment factory â€Å"Ali Enterprises†, which is located in Plot 67, Hub Road, Baldia Town, Karachi, used to export its garments to Europe and the United, and had employed between 1,200 and 1,500 workers. Ali Enterprises manufactured denim, knitted garments, and hosiery, and had capital of between $10 million and $50 million.Workers at Ali Enterprises said they earned between 5,000 and 10,000 rupees ($52 to $104) a month for their labour. Margalla Towers Islamabad, Pakistan got collapsed in year 2005. All of these incidents usually take place in developing countries due to the negligence of building owners, lack of construction standards, corruption and lack of governance. Conclusion: The only solution is to build and construct the industrial factories by following international construction standards in order to avoid such disasters.And international retailers should be very careful in selecting their production partners in order to have smooth supply chain function. The most sensible conclusion is to accept that responsibility is shared between companies and consumers. Put simply, all of us have a duty. â€Å"If we want to wear cheap clothes, which are made by people who work in these conditions, then there’s a moral responsibility for us as well as for the brands,â₠¬  says Ms Lissaman. Disaster of Bangladesh This article is about the distressing incident which took place in Bangladesh where 228 people died in the fall down of eight storey’s Rana Plaza. Rana Plaza had shops, offices and factories crowded with many people. But due to its substandard construction building got collapsed and fell down killing many people. While many of them got trapped and seriously wounded and the Bangladeshi government confirmed a day of national grief.Rana Plaza contained four garment factories which were supplying economical garments to global retailers like Primark and Bonmarche with their western customer base. Even it was announced that the building is no safer for work and needs to be evacuated on immediate basis but New Wave workers were forced to work in order to fulfill the orders of Primark and Bonmarche. Initially both British companies accepted that New Wave was among their suppliers and committed to offer the possible support but later on refused to take any kind of responsibility in thi s regard.In the opinion of retail consultants and other professionals both of the companies are responsible to inspect and monitor the minimum working standards and overall conditions in which their designs and products are being produced as they are earning revenues by selling the same products. The cheap labour and workers who are working in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka etc have the similar rights as of western workers and they should be equally acknowledged for their profession and work.Most of the big retailers like Primark, Bonmarche are outsourcing their products from under developed countries and their customers are getting benefits too of buying low priced items. The Government of Bangladesh and all under developed countries have to implement strict standards for construction of factories, industrial and commercial buildings in order to avoid such disasters. On the other hand the Governments of big retailers have to impose certain statutory regulations which will pr otect their manufacturers/suppliers in countries like Bangladesh.Lastly consumers have to play their role by using the purchasing power to force big retailers to follow a book of rule. I would like to add similar incidents which happened in the factories, commercial and residential buildings of Pakistan. Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore caught fire on 11 September 2012. The fires occurred in a textile factory in the western part of Karachi and in a shoemaking factory in Lahore.The fires are considered to be the most deadly and worst industrial factory fires in Pakistan's history, killing 257 people and seriously injuring more than 600. The garment factory â€Å"Ali Enterprises†, which is located in Plot 67, Hub Road, Baldia Town, Karachi, used to export its garments to Europe and the United, and had employed between 1,200 and 1,500 workers. Ali Enterprises manufactured denim, knitted garments, and hosiery, and had capital of between $10 million and $50 million.Workers at Ali Enterprises said they earned between 5,000 and 10,000 rupees ($52 to $104) a month for their labour. Margalla Towers Islamabad, Pakistan got collapsed in year 2005. All of these incidents usually take place in developing countries due to the negligence of building owners, lack of construction standards, corruption and lack of governance. Conclusion: The only solution is to build and construct the industrial factories by following international construction standards in order to avoid such disasters.And international retailers should be very careful in selecting their production partners in order to have smooth supply chain function. The most sensible conclusion is to accept that responsibility is shared between companies and consumers. Put simply, all of us have a duty. â€Å"If we want to wear cheap clothes, which are made by people who work in these conditions, then there’s a moral responsibility for us as well as for the brands,† says Ms Lissaman.

Common Latin Abbreviations Used in English

Common Latin Abbreviations Used in English In this list of common Latin abbreviations youll find what they stand for and how theyre used. The first list is alphabetical, but the definitions that follow are linked thematically. For instance, p.m. follows a.m.   A.D. A.D. stands for Anno Domini in the year of our Lord and refers to events after the birth of Christ. It is used as part of a pair with B.C. Here is an example: The standard date given for the fall of Rome is A.D. 476. The start date of Rome is, traditionally, 753 B.C. More politically correct are the terms C.E. for the current era and B.C.E. for the other. A.D. traditionally precedes the date, but this is changing. A.M. A.M. stands for ante meridiem and is sometimes abbreviated a.m. or am. A.M. means before noon and refers to morning. It starts just after midnight. P.M. P.M. stands for post meridiem and is sometimes abbreviated p.m. or pm. P.M. refers to afternoon and evening. P.M. starts just after noon. Etc. The very familiar Latin abbreviation etc. stands for et cetera and the rest or and so forth. In English, we use the word etcetera or et cetera without necessarily being aware it is actually Latin. E.G. If you want to say for example, you would use e.g. Here is an example: Some of the Julio-Claudian emperors, e.g., Caligula, were said to be insane. I.E. If you want to say that is, you would use i.e. Here is an example: The last of the Julio-Claudians, i.e., Nero.... In Citations Ibid Ibid., from ibidem means the same or in the same place. You would use ibid. to refer to the same author and work (e.g., book, html page, or journal article) as the one immediately preceding. Op. Cit. Op. cit. comes from the Latin opus citatum or opere citato work cited. Op. cit. is used when ibid. is inappropriate because the immediately preceding work is not the same. You would only use op. cit. if you have already cited the work in question. Et Seq. To refer to a certain page or passage and those that follow it, you may find the abbreviation et seq. This abbreviation ends in a period.   Sc. The abbreviation sc. or scil. means namely. Wikipedia says it is in the process of being replaced by i.e. Latin Abbreviations of Comparison q.v. and c.f. You would use q.v. if you wanted to make reference to something elsewhere in your paper; whilec.f. would be more appropriate for a comparison with an outside work.

10 Neon Facts †Chemical Element

10 Neon Facts - Chemical Element Neon is element number 10 on the periodic table, with the element symbol Ne. While you might think of neon lights when you hear this element name, there are many other interesting properties and uses for this gas. Here are 10 neon facts: Each neon atom has 10 protons. There are three stable isotopes of the element, with atoms having 10 neutrons (neon-20), 11 neutrons (neon-21), and 12 neutrons (neon-22). Because it has a stable octet for its outer electron shell, neon atoms have 10 electrons and no net electrical charge. The first two valence electrons are in the s shell, while the other eight electrons are in the p shell. The element is in group 18 of the periodic table, making it the first noble gas with a full octet (helium is lighter and stable with only 2 electrons). Its the second lightest noble gas.At room temperature and pressure, neon is an odorless, colorless, diamagnetic gas. It belongs to the noble gas element group and shares the property with other elements of that group of being nearly inert (not very reactive). In fact, there are no known stable  neon compounds, even though some other noble gases have been found to form chemical bonds. A possible exception is solid neon clathrate hydrate, which may be formed from neon gas and water ice at pressure of 0.35-0.48 GPa. The name of the element comes from the Greek word novum or neos, which means new. British chemists Sir William  Ramsay and Morris W. Travers discovered the element in 1898. Neon was discovered in a sample of liquid air. The gases that escaped were identified as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and krypton. When the krypton was gone, the remaining gas was found to emit a bright red light when ionized. Ramsays son suggested the name for the new element, neon.Neon is both rare and abundant, depending where youre looking for it. Although neon is a rare gas in the Earths atmosphere (about 0.0018% by mass), it is the 5th most abundant element in the universe  (1 part per 750), where it is produced during the alpha process in stars. The sole source of neon is from extraction from liquefied air. Neon is also found in diamonds and some volcanic vents. Because neon is rare in air, its an expensive gas to produce, about 55 times more expensive than liquid helium.Even though its rare and expensive o n Earth, there is a fair amount of neon in the average home. If you could extract all the neon from a new home in the United States, you have about 10 liters of the gas! Neon is a monatomic gas, so it is lighter (less dense) than air, which consists mostly of nitrogen (N2). If a balloon is filled with neon, it will rise. However, this will occur at a much slower rate than you would see with a helium balloon. As with helium, inhaling neon gas poses an asphyxiation risk if not enough oxygen is available to breathe.Neon has many uses besides lighted signs. It is also used in helium-neon lasers, masers,  vacuum tubes, lightning arresters, and high-voltage indicators. The liquid form of the element is a cryogenic refrigerant. Neon is 40 times more effective as a refrigerant than liquid helium and 3 times better than liquid hydrogen. Because of its high refrigeration capacity, liquid neon is used in cryonics, to freeze corpses for preservation or for potential revival in the future. The liquid can cause immediate frostbite to exposed skin or mucous membranes.When low pressure neon gas is electrified, it glows reddish orange. This is the true color of neo n lights. Other colors of lights are produced by coating the interior of the glass with phosphors. Other gases glow when excited. These are not neon signs even though many people commonly assume they are. One of the more interesting facts about neon is the light emitted from ionized neon can pass through water fog. This is why neon lighting is used in cold regions and for aircraft and airports.Neon has a melting point of  Ã¢â‚¬â€˜248.59  Ã‚ °C (‑415.46  Ã‚ °F) and boiling point of  Ã¢â‚¬â€˜246.08  Ã‚ °C (‑410.94  Ã‚ °F). Solid neon forms a crystal with a close-packed cubic structure. Because of its stable octet, the electronegativity and electron affinity of neon approaches zero.

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Nursing - Essay Example Peter is 14 and in high school. He was 11 when his mother passed away and is now raised by his older siblings. His father is always at work and is rarely home. Peter is exhibiting signs of depression and seclusion by spending hours in bed, in his room. Based on his reclusive behavior and self professed sadness, Peter may even be at risk for suicide. Peter is also at risk for substance abuse and other self destructive behaviors. Many types of depression that surface in adolescents can lead to long term psychological disorders which contribute to lifelong mental illness, if left untreated. Peter is obviously displaying signs and symptoms such as decreased energy, decreased interest in activity, sadness and hopelessness. Due to the early death of Peter’s mother, his family dynamics have changed drastically. Peter is without a parent as his father is mostly always at work and Peter is left to the care of his older siblings. It is likely that at the time of Peter’s motherâ⠂¬â„¢s death, proper grief counseling intervention did not take place leaving Peter with an overwhelming feeling of loss and grief. Peter is obviously in a situation where he feels alienated and therefore is retreating farther into an antisocial shell which only serves to fuel his depression. In looking at how the Mental Health Act addresses specific cases of depression, namely teen depression, it is clear that individualized care within an individual’s community is provided for. The Mental Health Act is meant to protect those who suffer from mental illness where in many cases, a stigma may exist. Prior to the Mental Health Act of 1983, those who suffered with mental illnesses may have been allowed to fall through the cracks of the system while remaining untreated. The Mental Health Act is meant to change that in order to address mental health cases before they manifest into more serious conditions. In Part II of the Mental Health Act, labeled â€Å"Compulsory

Those Changes that the Underwent through Southern American Literature Research Paper

Those Changes that the Underwent through Southern American Literature - Research Paper Example These river valleys was were civilisation was at peak in this region as it was the location of most of the towns, however, between these valleys and in the least accessible mountainous regions little human activity took place. However, westward expansion through the southern Appalachian turned towards the Ohio valley and North West territory changed this course and people started settling in the mountainous regions. Relationships between families and communities in this region were hostile and although they sometimes united to maintain churches and schools, the memberships of these institutions kept on changing. Slavery in this region was the norm where slaves were got from Africa to work for their American masters in their land or in their homes. In the novel ‘Gone with the wind’, Margaret Mitchell has depicted slavery in the southern America region by dividing the characters in two groups along class lines: the white planter class such as Scarlett and Ashley, and the b lack servant class such as Mammy, Prissy, pork and uncle Peter who acted as house servants. Mitchell goes further to show the subdivisions that were there in different classes such as among the slaves, there were those who worked in the house and stayed with their master; these were considered to belong to the highest caste. In addition, there were those who worked in the farms and did manual work; these were considered to be lower in the caste system of the slaves (Mitchell 24) Southern Belle, which is the traditional reference for a young woman in southern America who belonged to the rich upper class, has been brought up in the character of Scarlett O’Hara. Scarlett O’Hara is depicted as an attractive person although not good-looking, which is a perfect description of a southern belle. However, for Scarlett, the perfect description of a southern belle is her mother Ellen whose back is never seen to rest against the back of any seat on which she sit and whose broken h eart is usually mistaken for an innocent composure. The charming nature of a southern belle can be seen in the way that Scarlett is able to manoeuvre the wars and financial misfortunes that happen to her and gain wealth of her own. In addition, despite several of her husbands dying, she was determined to get married and raise a family of her own, a typical characteristic of a southern belle. The battles and confrontations that the southern part of America participated in shaped the history of the area; these battles saw the young men recruited to the army despite the conflicting interests where young girls wished them to remain behind for marriage purposes. Some of the battles that the southern communities were involved in include the seven days battle at Richmond Virginia that lasted between 25th June and 1st July in 1962 and the confederate army won; the battle of Fredericksburg at Fredericksburg, Virginia from December 11th to 15th, the confederate army won. Other battles were th e Streight’s Raid in northern Alabama from April 19 – May 3, 1863 where union colonel was captured by confederate army general, Battle of Chancellorsville in Spotsylvania County in Virginia from April 30 to May 6 where the confederate a